Major Work Activity F – Diagnoses And Repairs Steering And Suspension, Braking, Control Systems, Tires, Hubs And Wheel Bearings
Task F-18 Diagnoses steering and suspension, braking, control systems, tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings
Task Descriptor
Steering systems transmit inputs from the driver to the wheel assembly actuated through various mechanical and electrical inputs and outputs. The steering system is designed for precise directional control of the vehicle.
Suspension systems are used to support and cushion the vehicle, absorbing road surface irregularities and smoothing the vehicle ride. The suspension is designed for controlled movement over irregular surfaces.
Braking systems slow or stop the vehicle in a safe and controlled manner by using hydraulic or electronic controls. The vehicle braking systems are operated by the power unit that supplies hydraulic or electric inputs and outputs to various components such as calipers, wheel cylinders and actuators.
Control systems such as antilock braking systems (ABS), adaptive cruise control (ACC), traction control systems (TCS) and dynamic stability control (DSC) are incorporated into many of today’s vehicles.
Tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings are diagnosed by automotive service technicians in order to ensure the safe and correct operation of the vehicle such as wheel balance and wheel alignment.
F-18.01 Diagnoses steering, suspension and control systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Reading, Document Use
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
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F-18.01.01P |
verify concern |
concern is verified to determine diagnostic strategy |
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F-18.01.02P |
select and use diagnostic tools and equipment |
diagnostic tools and equipment are selected and used according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.01.03P |
perform road test |
road test is performed and steering, suspension and control system concerns are identified |
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F-18.01.04P |
determine type of steering system |
type of steering system is determined by visual inspection and manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.01.05P |
determine type of suspension system |
type of suspension system is determined by visual inspection and manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.01.06P |
determine type of control systems for steering and suspension systems |
type of control system is determined according to vehicle service information and manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.01.07P |
inspect steering, suspension and control components |
steering, suspension and control components are inspected according to manufacturers’ information and inspection procedures |
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F-18.01.08P |
perform tests |
tests are performed according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.01.09P |
interpret and analyze results of tests and inspections |
required repair is determined according to interpretation and analysis of results of tests and inspections |
Range of Variables
diagnostic tools and equipment include: scan tools, pressure gauges, dial indicators, alignment machine
concerns include: vibrations, noises, pulls, tire wear, misalignment
steering systems include: rack-and-pinion, recirculating ball (steering box)
suspension systems include: MacPherson strut, leaf spring, independent, monobeam, electronic suspension systems
tests include: clearances, ride height, leaks
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
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F-18.01.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of suspension systems, their components and operation |
identify types of suspension systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of springs and describe their purpose and operation |
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identify types of dampers and describe their components and operation |
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describe suspension geometry |
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F-18.01.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to diagnose suspension systems |
describe the procedures used to diagnose suspension systems |
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F-18.01.03L |
demonstrate knowledge of steering systems, their components and operation |
identify safety considerations pertaining to steering systems |
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identify types of steering columns and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of steering systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify related systems and describe their relationship to steering systems |
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identify types of steering assist systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of power steering pumps and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of fluids and lubricants, fasteners, tubing, hoses, gaskets and seals and describe their applications |
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identify types of diagnostic tools and equipment and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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describe the procedures used to disarm passive restraints |
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describe steering geometry |
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F-18.01.04L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to diagnose steering systems |
describe the procedures used to diagnose steering systems |
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F-18.01.05L |
demonstrate knowledge of electronically controlled suspension systems, their components and operation |
identify types of electronically controlled suspension systems |
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identify types of electronically controlled suspension system components |
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describe the procedures used to diagnose electronically controlled suspension systems |
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F-18.01.06L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to diagnose and perform wheel alignments |
describe the procedures used to diagnose and perform wheel alignments |
Range of Variables
suspension systems include: MacPherson strut, leaf spring, independent, monobeam, electronic suspension systems
springs include: coil, leaf, torsion bar, air
dampers include: struts, shocks
procedures used to diagnose include: verify concern, perform sensory inspection, access service information, conduct tests and measurements, isolate problem, identify root cause
steering systems include: rack-and-pinion, recirculating ball (steering box)
safety considerations include: accidental deployment of passive restraints (air bags, clock springs), collapsible columns, loaded components
steering columns include: tilt, telescopic
steering system components include: tie rods, idler arms, pitman arms, center links
related systems include: lane departures, active park assist
steering assist systems include: electric, hydraulic, variable
power steering pumps include: hydraulic, gear, vane
diagnostic tools and equipment include: scan tools, pressure gauges, dial indicators, alignment machine
F-18.02 Diagnoses braking and control systems
Essential Skills
Document Use, Numeracy, Thinking
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yes |
yes |
yes |
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yes |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
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F-18.02.01P |
verify concern |
concern is verified to determine diagnostic strategy |
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F-18.02.02P |
perform road test (when safe to do so) to identify braking concerns |
road test is performed (if safe to do so) and braking concerns are identified |
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F-18.02.03P |
select and use diagnostic tools and equipment |
diagnostic tools and equipment are selected and used according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.02.04P |
determine type of braking system |
type of braking system is determined |
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F-18.02.05P |
inspect braking system components and fluids |
braking system components and fluids are inspected according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.02.06P |
identify ABS/ TCS and stability control system components |
ABS/ TCS and stability control system components are identified and their operation is related to the vehicle and other systems |
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F-18.02.07P |
perform tests |
tests are performed according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.02.08P |
interpret and analyze results of tests and inspections |
required repair is determined according to interpretation and analysis of results of tests and inspections |
Range of Variables
braking concerns include: vibrations, noises, lack of brake assist, pulls, soft or low pedal
diagnostic tools and equipment include: scan tools, pressure gauges, measuring tools
braking systems include: hydraulic, electric, park brake
braking system components include: discs, drums, pads, calipers, shoes, lines, cylinders, metering valves or blocks, proportioning valves, pressure limiting systems, actuators
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
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F-18.02.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of braking systems, their components and operation |
identify safety considerations pertaining to braking systems |
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explain hydraulic principles related to braking systems |
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identify types of braking systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of braking systems in hybrid and EVs |
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identify types of power assists and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of control systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of brake fluids and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of fittings, flaring, tubing and hoses and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of diagnostic tools and equipment and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of trailer brakes and controls and describe their components and operation |
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F-18.02.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to diagnose braking systems |
describe the procedures used to diagnose braking systems |
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F-18.02.03L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to diagnose control systems |
describe the procedures used to diagnose control systems |
Range of Variables
safety considerations include: hydraulic pressure, airborne contaminants
braking system components include: discs, drums, pads, calipers, shoes, lines, cylinders, metering valves or blocks, proportioning valves, pressure limiting systems, actuators
power assists include: vacuum, hydraulic, electric
control systems include: TCS, ABS, stability control
diagnostic tools and equipment include: scan tools, pressure gauges, measuring tools
procedures used to diagnose include: verify concerns, perform sensory inspection, retrieve DTCs, access service information, conduct tests and measurements, isolate problem, identify root cause
F-18.03 Diagnoses tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings
Essential Skills
Numeracy, Document Use, Thinking
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ON |
MB |
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yes |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
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F-18.03.01P |
verify concern |
concern is verified to determine diagnostic strategy |
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F-18.03.02P |
perform road test to identify tire, wheel, hub and wheel bearing concerns |
road test is performed and tire, wheel, hubs and wheel bearings concerns are identified |
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F-18.03.03P |
select and use diagnostic tools and equipment |
diagnostic tools and equipment are selected and used according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.03.04P |
inspect tires and wheels |
tires and wheels are inspected for damage, defects, irregular wear, and specified application and size |
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F-18.03.05P |
inspect hubs and wheel bearings |
hubs and wheel bearings are inspected for excessive play and noise |
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F-18.03.06P |
perform tests |
tests are performed according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-18.03.07P |
interpret and analyze results of tests and inspections |
required repair is determined according to interpretation and analysis of results of tests and inspections |
Range of Variables
concerns include: vibrations, noises (growl, rumble, whine), pulls, irregular wear, failure, age
diagnostic tools and equipment include: measuring tools, pressure gauges, chassis ears, stethoscopes, vibration analyzers, TPMS equipment
tests include: wheel balance, runout, TPMS
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
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F-18.03.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of tires, wheels, hubs, bearings, their components and operation |
identify safety considerations pertaining to tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings, their components and operation |
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identify types of tires and describe their construction |
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interpret tire codes and sidewall markings |
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describe the importance of tire pressure and rotation |
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identify types of wheels and describe their components and construction |
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identify types of hubs and bearing assemblies and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of tire pressure monitoring systems and describe their applications |
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identify types of lubricants and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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describe the relationship between the steering, suspension and wheel assemblies |
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identify types of diagnostic tools and equipment and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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F-18.03.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to diagnose tires, wheels, bearings and hubs |
describe the procedures used to diagnose tires, wheels, bearings and hubs |
Range of Variables
safety considerations include: tire inflation procedure, mounting, pinch points, lifting and support procedures
types of tires includes: snow, run flats, radials, bias, passenger, light truck
types of wheels includes: steel alloy
wheel construction includes: offset, drop zone, deep flange, hub surface
hubs includes: pressed in, integral, tapered roller
types of tire pressure monitoring systems include: passive, active
diagnostic tools and equipment include: measuring tools, pressure gauges, chassis ears, stethoscopes, vibration analyzers, TPMS equipment
procedures used to diagnose include: verify concern, perform sensory inspection, retrieve DTCs, access service information, conduct tests and measurements, isolate problem, identify root cause
Task F-19 Repairs steering and suspension, braking, control systems, tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings
Task Descriptor
Steering, suspension, braking and control systems, tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings work together to allow the driver to control the vehicle. Repairs must be performed according to manufacturers’ information. Incorrect processes can result in personal injury and component failure.
F-19.01 Repairs steering, suspension and control systems
Essential Skills
Document Use, Numeracy, Thinking
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NS |
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NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
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AB |
BC |
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NU |
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yes |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
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NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
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F-19.01.01P |
select and use repair tools and equipment |
repair tools and equipment are selected and used according to vehicle specifications and manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.01.02P |
select repair materials |
repair materials are selected according to repair requirements and manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.01.03P |
remove, replace and service steering and suspension system components |
steering and suspension system components are replaced or serviced according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.01.04P |
verify functionality of control systems |
control systems are functional and no DTCs are present |
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F-19.01.05P |
perform adjustments and calibrations |
adjustments and calibrations are performed according to manufacturers’ information and procedures |
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F-19.01.06P |
verify repair |
repair is verified by system re-test and road test |
Range of Variables
repair tools and equipment include: hand tools, air tools, scan tools, pullers, presses, reprogramming equipment, alignment machine
repair materials include: gaskets, sealants, fasteners
steering system components include: tie rods, idler arms, pitman arms, center links, columns, rack‑and‑pinion steering box, modules
suspension system components include: springs, dampers, control arms, ball joints
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
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F-19.01.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of suspension systems, their components and operation |
identify types of suspension systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify safety considerations pertaining to suspension systems |
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identify types of springs and describe their purpose and operation |
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identify types of dampers and describe their components and operation |
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F-19.01.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to repair suspension systems |
describe the procedures used to repair suspension systems |
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describe the procedures used to remove and reinstall suspension system components |
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describe the procedures used to adjust, repair and/or replace suspension system components |
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F-19.01.03L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to repair steering systems |
describe the procedures used to remove and reinstall steering system components |
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describe the procedures used to adjust, repair and/or replace steering system components |
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identify related systems and describe their relationship to steering systems |
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F-19.01.04L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to repair wheel alignment and electronically-controlled suspension systems |
describe the procedures used to remove and reinstall electronically-controlled suspension systems components |
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describe the procedures used to adjust, repair and/or replace electronically- controlled suspension systems components |
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describe the procedures to perform wheel alignment |
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describe the procedures to reset steering sensors |
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describe procedures used to verify repair |
Range of Variables
suspension systems include: MacPherson strut, leaf spring, independent, monobeam, electronic suspension systems
safety considerations include: accidental deployment of passive restraints (air bags, clock springs), collapsible columns, loaded components (ball joints, first struts)
suspension system components include: springs, dampers, control arms, ball joints
steering systems include: rack-and-pinion, recirculating ball (steering box)
steering system components include: tie rods, idler arms, pitman arms, center links, columns, rack‑and‑pinion steering box, modules
related systems include: lane departures, active park assist
F-19.02 Repairs braking and control systems
Essential Skills
Numeracy, Document Use, Thinking
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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|---|---|---|
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
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F-19.02.01P |
select and use repair tools and equipment |
repair tools and equipment are selected and used according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.02.02P |
select repair materials |
repair materials are selected according to repair requirements and manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.02.03P |
remove, replace or service components |
components are removed, replaced or serviced according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.02.04P |
verify repair |
repair is verified by system re-test and road test |
Range of Variables
repair tools and equipment include: hand tools, air tools, scan tools, pressure gauges, measuring tools, lathe, reprogramming equipment
materials include: gaskets, fastening devices, lubricants
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Knowledge |
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|---|---|---|
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
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F-19.02.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of braking systems, their components and operation |
explain hydraulic principles related to braking systems |
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identify safety considerations pertaining to braking system repairs |
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identify types of braking systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of power assists and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of control systems and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of brake fluids and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of fittings, flaring, tubing and hoses and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of repair tools and equipment and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of trailer brakes and controls and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of braking systems in hybrid and EVs |
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F-19.02.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to repair braking systems |
describe the procedures used to repair braking systems |
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describe the procedures used to flush and bleed hydraulic and anti-lock brakes |
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describe the procedures used to measure and machine components |
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describe the procedures used to adjust, repair and replace braking system components |
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describe procedures used to verify repair |
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F-19.02.03L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to repair control systems |
describe procedures used to repair control systems |
Range of Variables
braking systems include: hydraulic, electric, park brake
braking system components include: discs, drums, pads, calipers, shoes, lines, cylinders
safety considerations include: hydraulic pressure, airborne contaminants
power assists include: vacuum, hydraulic, electric
control systems include: TCS, ABS, stability control
repair tools and equipment include: hand tools, air tools, scan tools, pressure gauges, measuring tools, lathe, reprogramming equipment
F-19.03 Repairs tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings
Essential Skills
Document Use, Digital Technology, Thinking
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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|---|---|---|
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
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F-19.03.01P |
select and use repair tools and equipment |
repair tools and equipment are selected and used according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.03.02P |
perform manufacturer and jurisdiction-approved procedures |
procedures are performed according to manufacturers’ information and jurisdictional specifications |
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F-19.03.03P |
select repair materials |
repair materials are selected according to repair requirements and manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.03.04P |
mount tire on wheel and balance wheel assemblies |
wheel assembly is balanced and tire pressure is set according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.03.05P |
reset, reprogram and calibrate tire pressure monitoring systems |
tire pressure monitoring system is reset, reprogramed and calibrated |
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F-19.03.06P |
remove, replace and service wheels, hubs and wheel bearings |
wheels, hubs and wheel bearings are removed, replaced and serviced according to manufacturers’ information |
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F-19.03.07P |
verify repair |
repair is verified by system re-test and road test |
Range of Variables
repair tools and equipment include: hand tools, air tools, scan tools, wheel balancers, tire changing machines, tire pressure monitoring tools, presses, pullers, tire inflation cage
procedures include: dismounting and mounting, puncture repair, cleaning, resealing, servicing bearings, balancing
materials include: gaskets, sealants, fastening devices, lubricants
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Knowledge |
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|---|---|---|
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
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F-19.03.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of tires, wheels, hubs, wheel bearings, their components and operation |
identify types of tires and describe their construction |
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|
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identify safety considerations pertaining to tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings repair |
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interpret tire codes and sidewall markings |
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describe the importance of tire rotation, balance and pressure |
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identify types of wheels and describe their components and operation |
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identify types of hubs and bearing assemblies and describe their components and operation |
|
|
|
identify types of tire pressure monitoring systems and describe their applications |
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|
|
identify types of lubricants and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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|
|
describe the relationship between the steering, suspension and wheel assemblies |
|
|
|
identify types of repair tools and equipment and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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F-19.03.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to repair tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings |
describe the procedures used to repair tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings |
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describe the procedures used to remove and reinstall tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings |
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describe the procedures used to repair and replace tires, wheels, hubs and wheel bearings |
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describe procedures used to verify repair |
Range of Variables
types of tires include: snow, run flats, radials, bias, passenger, light truck
safety considerations include: tire inflation procedure, mounting, pinch points, lifting and support procedures, noise levels
types of wheels include: steel alloy
types of tire pressure monitoring systems include: passive, active
repair tools and equipment include: hand tools, air tools, scan tools, wheel balancers, tire changing machines, tire pressure monitoring tools, presses, pullers, tire inflation cage
procedures include: dismounting and mounting, puncture repair, cleaning, resealing, servicing bearings, balancing
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