Major Work Activity D – Installs and lays out fire protection systems and devices
Task D-13 Installs water-based systems
Task Descriptor
Sprinkler fitters install water-based systems in institutional, commercial, industrial and residential buildings. These systems use water as an integral part of the suppression/control agent. They primarily remove heat from the fire to suppress or control the fire.
D-13.01 Installs wet pipe systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
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QC |
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MB |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.01.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.01.02P |
determine and measure locations of mains and branch lines |
locations of mains and branch lines are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.01.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.01.04P |
determine and measure locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves |
locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves are determined and measured according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing and testing |
D-13.01.05P |
measure and fabricate piping |
piping is measured and fabricated for installation according to drawings, AHJ, NFPA standards and site conditions |
D-13.01.06P |
measure and install return bends and flexible drops |
return bends and flexible drops on wet pipe systems are measured and installed according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.01.07P |
connect piping to water supply |
piping is connected to water supply using methods according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.01.08P |
install auxiliary devices |
auxiliary devices are installed according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing and testing |
D-13.01.09P |
measure and install alarm valve trim |
alarm valve trim is measured and installed according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-13.01.10P |
pressure test wet pipe system |
wet pipe system is pressure tested according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-13.01.11P |
install signage and identification |
signage and identification are installed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
components include: fire department connection, test connections and drains, sprinklers, alarm devices, control valves, alarm check valves, water flow alarm devices, relief valves, valves, flow switches, riser manifolds, air vents
piping includes: risers, starter pieces, drops, branch lines, feed mains, riser nipples, cross mains
methods include: flanged, soldered, welded, grooved, threaded joints
auxiliary devices include: water motor gongs, excess pressure pumps, signalling devices
alarm valve trim includes: alarm test valves, main drains, pressure gauges
signage and identification include: data plates, component identification, drain list
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.01.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of wet pipe systems, and their operation and characteristics |
define terminology associated with wet pipe systems |
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identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to wet pipe systems |
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interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to wet pipe systems |
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interpret information pertaining to wet pipe systems found on drawings and specifications |
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identify tools and equipment relating to wet pipe systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of wet pipe systems and describe their operating principles and characteristics |
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identify wet pipe system components and describe their location, purpose and operation |
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identify alarm valves to be trimmed and describe their components and relevant design characteristics |
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determine characteristics and application of sprinklers |
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identify design criteria for wet pipe systems |
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identify drainage requirements for each water-based system |
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D-13.01.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install wet pipe systems and components |
describe the procedures used to lay out and install wet pipe systems and components |
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describe the procedures used to install alarm valve trim |
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identify the factors to consider and requirements for installing auxiliary drains on wet pipe systems |
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describe the preventative methods used to prevent false alarms |
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identify the requirements for pressure testing of wet pipe systems and describe the associated procedures |
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describe methods used to prevent freezing |
Range of Variables
types of wet pipe systems are only tree, gridded, looped
components include: fire department connection, test connections and drains, sprinklers, alarm devices, control valves, alarm check valves, water flow alarm devices, relief valves, valves, flow switches, riser manifolds, air vents
design criteria includes: density, square footage, occupancy classifications
D-13.02 Installs dry pipe systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
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NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
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BC |
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yes |
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yes |
yes |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.02.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.02.02P |
determine and measure locations and grades for main and branch lines |
locations and grades for main and branch lines are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.02.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.02.04P |
determine and measure locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves |
locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves are determined and measured according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing, testing and winterizing |
D-13.02.05P |
identify devices |
devices are identified according to NFPA standards in installation locations that are subject to freezing |
D-13.02.06P |
measure and install return bends and flexible drops |
return bends and flexible drops on dry pipe systems are measured and installed according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.02.07P |
connect piping to water supply |
piping is connected to water supply using methods according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.02.08P |
install auxiliary devices |
auxiliary devices are installed according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing, testing and winterizing |
D-13.02.09P |
measure and install dry pipe valves and associated trim |
dry pipe valves and associated trim are measured and installed according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-13.02.10P |
determine system capacity |
system capacity of dry pipe systems is determined according to NFPA standards |
D-13.02.11P |
perform calculations |
calculations are performed according to NFPA standards on the required fill–time of compressed air or nitrogen |
D-13.02.12P |
perform pressure tests |
pressure tests are performed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
components include: fire department connections, test connections and drains, water flow alarm devices, control valves, dry pipe valves, regulated air supply, regulated nitrogen supply, valves, quick opening devices (QODs), anti-flooding devices, auxiliary drains, drum drips, high/low supervisory devices, pressure gauges
devices include: dry pendant sprinklers, approved gaskets, air dryers
methods include: flanged, brazed, welded, grooved, threaded joints
trim includes: low air pressure switches, QODs, air maintenance devices
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.02.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of dry pipe systems, their operation and characteristics |
define terminology associated with dry pipe systems |
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identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to dry pipe systems |
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interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to dry pipe systems |
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interpret information pertaining to dry pipe systems found on drawings and specifications |
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identify tools and equipment relating to dry pipe systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of dry pipe systems, and describe their operating principles and characteristics |
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identify dry pipe system components, and describe their locations, purpose and operation |
D-13.02.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install dry pipe systems and their components |
identify dry pipe valves to be trimmed, and describe their components and design characteristics |
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identify the factors to consider and requirements for installing auxiliary drains on dry pipe systems |
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identify the requirements for pressure testing of dry pipe systems and describe the associated procedures |
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describe the procedures used to lay out and install dry pipe systems and components |
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describe the procedures used to install dry pipe valve trim |
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describe the preventative methods used to prevent false alarms |
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identify calculations pertaining to capacity of dry pipe systems and air or nitrogen supply |
Range of Variables
types of dry pipe systems are tree and looped
components include: fire department connections, test connections and drains, water flow alarm devices, control valves, dry pipe valves, regulated air supply, regulated nitrogen supply, valves, QODs, anti–flooding devices, auxiliary drains, drum drips, high/low supervisory devices, pressure gauges
preventative methods include: use of air and nitrogen supply, air dryer, air maintenance device
D-13.03 Installs antifreeze systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
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NS |
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QC |
ON |
MB |
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AB |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.03.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.03.02P |
determine and measure locations of main and branch lines |
locations of main and branch lines are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.03.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.03.04P |
determine and measure locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves |
locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves are determined and measured according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing and testing |
D-13.03.05P |
measure and fabricate piping |
piping is measured and fabricated for installation according to drawings, NFPA standards, AHJ and site conditions |
D-13.03.06P |
connect piping to water supply |
piping is connected to water supply using methods according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.03.07P |
determine antifreeze strength |
antifreeze strength is determined according to NFPA guidelines and temperature of protected spaces and solution flammability restrictions by using refractometers |
D-13.03.08P |
install auxiliary devices |
auxiliary devices are installed according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing and testing |
D-13.03.09P |
vent air |
air from system is vented at high point when filling system with antifreeze to prevent dilution of antifreeze by water |
D-13.03.10P |
determine system capacity |
system capacity of antifreeze system is determined according to NFPA standards |
D-13.03.11P |
perform pressure tests |
pressure tests are performed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-13.03.12P |
install components |
components are installed to protect systems’ integrity |
Range of Variables
components include: expansion tanks, RP, check valves
piping includes: risers, starter pieces, drops, branch lines, feed mains
methods include: flanged, soldered, welded, grooved, threaded joints
auxiliary devices include: flow switches, test points, fill cups
pressure tests include: hydrostatic, pneumatic testing
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.03.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of antifreeze systems, their operation and characteristics |
define terminology associated with antifreeze systems |
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identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to antifreeze systems |
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interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to antifreeze systems |
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interpret information pertaining to antifreeze systems found on drawings and specifications |
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identify tools and equipment relating to antifreeze systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify the factors to consider for determining the need for freezing protection or antifreeze systems |
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identify types of antifreeze systems and their components, and describe their purpose and applications |
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identify types and mixtures of antifreeze solutions, and describe their characteristics and applications |
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identify the requirements and describe the procedures used to handle, store and dispose of antifreeze |
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identify valves required for antifreeze systems |
D-13.03.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures to install and maintain antifreeze systems |
identify installation requirements for antifreeze systems |
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describe the procedures used to lay out and install antifreeze systems |
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describe the procedures used to test and maintain antifreeze systems |
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identify the requirements for pressure testing of antifreeze systems, and describe the associated procedures |
Range of Variables
factors include: location, accessibility, cost
types of antifreeze systems include: configuration, types of solutions, temperature mixtures
types and mixtures of antifreeze solutions include: used with potable water supply, used with non-potable water supply
installation requirements include: antifreeze loop, cross-connection control
D-13.04 Installs preaction/deluge systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
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NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.04.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.04.02P |
determine and measure locations of main and branch lines |
locations of main and branch lines are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.04.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.04.04P |
determine and measure locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves |
locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves are determined and measured according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing, testing and winterizing |
D-13.04.05P |
identify devices |
devices are identified according to NFPA standards in installation locations that are subject to freezing |
D-13.04.06P |
install preaction and deluge valves and trim |
preaction and deluge valves and trim are installed according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-13.04.07P |
install return bends and flexible drops on preaction and deluge systems |
return bends and flexible drops are installed on preaction and deluge systems according to NFPA standards to prevent plugging of sprinklers |
D-13.04.08P |
perform functional tests and meet intended design criteria |
functional tests are performed to verify operation of components and meet intended design criteria |
D-13.04.09P |
perform pressure tests |
pressure tests are performed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
components include: fire department connections, test connections and drains, water flow alarm devices, control valves, preaction/deluge valves, regulated air supply, regulated nitrogen supply, valves, QODs, anti-flooding devices, auxiliary drains, high/low supervisory devices, pressure gauges
devices include: dry pendant sprinklers, flush seal gaskets and air dryers, detection devices
trim includes: solenoid actuators, diaphragm actuators
design criteria design criteria includes: interlock, double interlock, non-interlock, cross zoning
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.04.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of preaction/deluge systems, their applications and operating principles |
define terminology associated with preaction/deluge systems |
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identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to preaction/deluge systems |
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interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to preaction/deluge systems |
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interpret information pertaining to preaction/deluge systems found on drawings and specifications |
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identify tools and equipment relating to preaction/deluge systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of preaction systems and describe their operating principles and applications |
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identify types of deluge systems and describe their operating principles and applications |
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identify trim components used on preaction/deluge valves, and describe their design variations and applications |
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identify types of alarms that a preaction/deluge valve will operate |
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identify supplemental fire detection systems, and describe their operating principles and applications; |
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identify the system controls required for preaction/deluge systems |
D-13.04.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of installation requirements and associated test procedures for preaction/deluge systems |
describe the procedures used to install system controls required for preaction/deluge systems |
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explain the requirements for drainage of preaction/deluge systems |
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describe the procedures used to lay out and install preaction/deluge systems |
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describe the procedures used to trim preaction/deluge valves |
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describe the procedures used to service and maintain preaction/deluge systems |
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identify the requirements for functional and pressure testing of preaction/deluge systems and describe the associated procedures |
Range of Variables
types of preaction systems include: non–interlock, single interlock, double interlock
applications include: computer rooms, freezers, aircraft hangers, electrical rooms
types of deluge systems include: deluge, high–speed deluge
trim includes: solenoid actuators, diaphragm actuators
supplemental fire detection systems include: electric, pneumatic, hydraulic
D-13.05 Installs foam systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.05.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.05.02P |
determine and measure locations of main and branch lines |
locations of main and branch lines are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.05.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.05.04P |
determine and measure locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves |
locations of auxiliary drains and requirements for valves are determined and measured according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing and testing |
D-13.05.05P |
measure and fabricate piping |
piping is measured and fabricated for installation according to drawings, NFPA standards, AHJ and site conditions |
D-13.05.06P |
install foam tanks |
foam tanks are installed in close proximity to valves and to allow accessibility for refilling |
D-13.05.07P |
install valves and trim |
valves and trim are installed according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-13.05.08P |
install distribution devices |
distribution devices are installed according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-13.05.09P |
perform functional testing and meet intended design criteria |
functional tests are performed to verify operation of components and meet intended design criteria |
D-13.05.10P |
fill foam concentrate tanks |
foam concentrate tanks are filled according to manufacturers’ specifications using equipment |
D-13.05.11P |
perform pressure tests |
pressure tests are performed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
components include: foam concentrate tanks, fire department connections, test connections and drains, water flow alarm devices, control valves, alarm/preaction/deluge valves, regulated air supply, regulated nitrogen supply, QODs, anti–flooding devices, auxiliary drains, high/low supervisory devices, pressure gauges
piping includes: risers, starter pieces, drops, branch lines, feed mains
valves and trim include: hydraulic and solenoid actuators, proportioners, diaphragm actuators
distribution devices include: sprinklers, foam generators, nozzles
design criteria includes: single interlock, double interlock, non–interlock and cross zoning, wet, deluge
equipment includes: positive displacement pumps, siphons
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.05.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of foam systems, their applications and operating principles |
define terminology associated with foam systems |
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identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to foam systems |
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interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to foam systems |
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interpret information pertaining to foam systems found on drawings and specifications |
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identify tools and equipment relating to foam systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify types of foam systems and describe their operating principles and applications |
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identify the system controls required for foam systems |
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identify types of concentrate used in foam systems and describe their characteristics and applications |
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identify supplemental fire detection systems, and describe their operating principles and applications |
D-13.05.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of installation requirements and associated test procedures for foam systems |
describe the procedures used to lay out and install foam systems and components |
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describe the installation requirements of foam systems |
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describe the procedures used to fill foam concentrate tanks |
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explain the requirements for drainage of the system |
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explain the operation of a balanced pressure proportioning system |
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describe the procedures used to trim foam systems |
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explain the operation of a pressure proportioning tank with and without bladder |
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describe the procedures used to test and maintain foam systems |
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identify the requirements for pressure testing of foam systems and describe the associated procedures |
Range of Variables
hazards include: environmental considerations, containment, disposal
applications include: aircraft hangers, fuel storage tanks, chemical manufacturing and storage facilities
supplemental fire detection systems include: electric, pneumatic, hydraulic
installation requirements include: materials, hangers, supports and bracing, system actuation, testing, manufacturers’ specifications
D-13.06 Installs standpipe systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.06.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.06.02P |
determine and measure location of piping and valves |
location of piping and valves are determined and measured to allow for accessibility according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.06.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.06.04P |
determine and measure fire hose valve locations |
fire hose valve locations are determined and measured according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.06.05P |
install fire hose valve |
fire hose valve is installed with thread pattern that is compatible with the local fire department jurisdictional area |
D-13.06.06P |
install pressure reducing devices |
pressure reducing devices are installed to limit pressure according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.06.07P |
install stand–alone standpipe and combination standpipe systems |
stand–alone standpipe and combination standpipe systems are installed according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.06.08P |
install temporary standpipe systems |
temporary standpipe systems are installed to ensure fire protection during construction, according to drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.06.09P |
perform pressure test |
pressure tests are performed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
valves include: pressure reducing valves, pressure restricting valves, control valves, fire hose valves, check valves, alarm valves, preaction/deluge valves
components include: fire department connections, drains, control valves, regulated air supply, QODs, auxiliary drains, high/low supervisory devices, pressure gauges, hose valves, pressure regulating devices
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Knowledge |
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Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.06.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of standpipe and hose systems, their applications and operating principles |
define terminology associated with standpipe and hose systems |
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identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to standpipe and hose systems |
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interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to standpipe and hose systems |
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interpret code requirements pertaining to flushing connections in piping systems |
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interpret information pertaining to standpipe and hose systems found on drawings and specifications |
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identify tools and equipment relating to standpipe and hose systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
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identify the classes of standpipe systems, and describe their characteristics and applications |
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identify types of standpipe systems, and describe their operating principles, characteristics and applications |
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identify the factors to consider and the requirements to determine standpipe system design |
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identify types of hoses, hose valves and associated fittings, and describe their characteristics and applications |
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identify types of hose cabinets and hose stations |
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identify types of hose spray nozzles and describe their applications |
D-13.06.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of installation requirements and associated test procedures for standpipe systems |
describe the procedures used to lay out standpipe and hose systems |
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describe the procedures used to install hose cabinets and stations, and associated equipment |
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describe the procedures used to install hose spray nozzles |
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describe the procedures used to test and maintain standpipe systems |
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identify the requirements for pressure testing of standpipe and hose systems and describe the associated procedures |
Range of Variables
classes of standpipe systems include: class I, class II, class III
types of standpipe systems include: wet pipe, dry pipe, manual, automatic, combined, semi–automatic dry
factors to consider for system design include: pipe sizing, flow rate, pressures, hose valve location, hose thread connection, AHJ, gauge location
D-13.07 Installs water mist and hybrid systems
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
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Skills |
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Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-13.07.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-13.07.02P |
determine and measure location of piping and valves |
location of piping and valves are determined and measured according to manufacturers’ specifications, drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.07.03P |
determine and measure locations and requirements of components |
locations and requirements of components are determined and measured according to manufacturers’ specifications, drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.07.04P |
measure and fabricate piping |
piping is measured and fabricated for installation according to drawings, NFPA standards, AHJ and site conditions |
D-13.07.05P |
connect piping to water supply |
piping is connected to water supply using methods according to manufacturers’ specifications, drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.07.06P |
install auxiliary devices |
auxiliary devices are installed according to NFPA standards to ensure accessibility for servicing and testing |
D-13.07.07P |
flush system |
system is flushed to prevent plugging of nozzles according to manufacturers’ specifications, drawings, project specifications, site conditions, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-13.07.08P |
perform functional tests and meet intended design criteria |
functional tests are performed to verify operation of components and meet intended design criteria |
D-13.07.09P |
perform pressure tests |
pressure tests are performed according to NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
components include: positive displacement pumps, relief valves, detection devices and nozzles, nitrogen cylinders, water tanks
piping includes: risers, starter pieces, drops, branch lines, feed mains
methods include: flanged, welded, grooved, threaded, compression
auxiliary devices include: nozzles, emitters
design criteria includes: manufacturers’ discharge, time limitations
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-13.07.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of water mist and hybrid systems, their applications and operating principles |
define terminology associated with water mist and hybrid systems |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to water mist and hybrid systems |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to water mist and hybrid systems |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to water mist and hybrid systems found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to water mist and hybrid systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of water mist and hybrid systems, and describe their operating principles, characteristics and applications |
D-13.07.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of installation requirements for water mist and hybrid systems |
describe the procedures used to lay out and install water mist and hybrid systems and components |
|
|
identify system controls for water mist and hybrid systems and their installation requirements |
|
|
explain the requirements for drainage of water mist and hybrid systems |
|
|
identify the requirements for pressure testing of water mist and hybrid systems and describe the associated procedures |
Range of Variables
types of water mist and hybrid systems include: single fluid, twin fluid, high pressure, medium pressure, low pressure
installation requirements include: materials, supports and hangers, system actuation, testing, manufacturers’ specifications/training, handling and storage
Task D-14 Installs specialty fire suppression systems
Task Descriptor
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
D-14.01 Installs dry and wet chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems
Essential Skills
Specialty fire suppression systems are designed to extinguish a fire rather than control it. They have a finite supply of extinguishing agent and must be refilled after activation. These systems require a degree of specialization and unique skill sets among sprinkler fitters.
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-14.01.01P |
select pipe and fittings |
pipe and fittings are selected to match manufacturers’ specifications |
D-14.01.02P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-14.01.03P |
remove possible obstructions |
possible obstructions are removed in pipe by reaming, cleaning and blowing out |
D-14.01.04P |
install clamps |
clamps are installed to prevent pipe movement during discharge of extinguishing agent according to NFPA standards |
D-14.01.05P |
measure and fabricate piping |
piping is measured and fabricated to meet site conditions |
D-14.01.06P |
measure and modify system piping |
system piping is measured and modified according to manufacturers’ specifications and site conditions |
D-14.01.07P |
install piping and nozzles |
piping and nozzles are installed according to drawings and specifications to ensure equal discharge, and according to NFPA standards |
D-14.01.08P |
install and secure storage cylinders |
storage cylinders are installed and secured to ensure safety due to high pressure of cylinders, according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-14.01.09P |
install activation devices |
activation devices are installed according to manufacturers’ specifications and NFPA standards |
D-14.01.10P |
pressure test system |
system is pressure tested according to manufacturers’ specifications |
D-14.01.11P |
assist in verification |
controls and actuators are verified by qualified personnel |
Range of Variables
manufacturers’ specifications include: extra heavy fittings, pipe size, seamless pipe
tools and equipment include: swabs, acetone, rags
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-14.01.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems and their operation and characteristics |
define terminology associated with wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems, and describe their characteristics, operation and applications |
|
|
describe the operating principles and applications of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
describe fixed pipe systems |
|
|
identify the components of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems and describe their purpose and operation |
|
|
explain the properties of carbon dioxide |
|
|
identify the extinguishing properties of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
describe the procedures used to calculate the quantity of carbon dioxide extinguishing agent required for a system |
|
|
identify the factors to consider and limitations pertaining to halon systems |
|
|
identify types of pipe used for specialty fire suppression systems |
|
|
identify clean agent system media and their properties |
|
|
identify containment requirements for clean agent systems |
|
|
define the limited extinguishing ability of clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
identify applications of clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
D-14.01.02L |
demonstrate knowledge of installation of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
identify the installation requirements for wet and dry chemical, and carbon dioxide systems and components |
|
|
interpret codes, standards, regulations and manufacturers’ specifications pertaining to wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems and components |
D-14.01.03L |
demonstrate knowledge of inspection, and testing of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
identify the requirements of inspection and acceptance testing of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
|
|
explain the liabilities and responsibilities for the inspection and testing of wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
D-14.01.04L |
demonstrate knowledge of procedures used to service, maintain and remove wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
describe the procedures used to service, maintain and remove wet and dry chemical, clean agent and carbon dioxide systems |
Range of Variables
tools and equipment include: swabs, acetone, rags
types of carbon dioxide systems include: low pressure, high pressure
fixed pipe systems include: total flooding, local application
components include: for carbon dioxide system (alarms and indicators, life safety provisions, discharge nozzles, piping and fittings, supports, tanks and manifolds, release mechanisms, detection devices);
for clean agent system (alarms and indicators, life safety provisions, discharge nozzles, piping and fittings, supports, tanks and manifolds, release mechanisms, detection devices, pressure relief venting)
applications include: server rooms, archival storage, libraries, manufacturing facilities
hazards include: handling of materials and cylinders, accidental discharge
D-14.02 Installs portable extinguishers
Essential Skills
Document Use, Numeracy, Thinking
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-14.02.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-14.02.02P |
determine type and location of extinguisher |
type and location of extinguisher is determined according to drawings, specifications and AHJ |
D-14.02.03P |
install extinguisher and cabinets |
extinguisher and cabinets are installed according to drawings, NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-14.02.04P |
confirm that extinguishers are fully charged |
extinguishers are confirmed to be fully charged with pins and seals in place along with a currently dated inspection tag which is stamped by qualified personnel |
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-14.02.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of procedures and requirements to install portable fire extinguishers |
define terminology associated with portable fire extinguishers |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to portable fire extinguishers |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to portable fire extinguishers |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to portable fire extinguishers found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to portable fire extinguishers, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify classes and types of portable fire extinguishers, and describe their characteristics, operation and applications |
|
|
identify the components of portable fire extinguishers |
|
|
identify the installation requirements and procedures for portable fire extinguishers and cabinets |
|
|
identify installation locations for portable fire extinguishers |
|
|
describe the procedures used to operate portable fire extinguishers |
|
|
explain the liabilities and responsibilities for the installation of portable fire extinguishers |
Range of Variables
types of portable fire extinguishers include: wet and dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water-based, clean agent
installation locations include: cabinet, wall mount, wheeled
Task D-15 Installs detection devices
Task Descriptor
These devices detect a fire situation and initiate a response of the fire protection system. The installation of electrical detection systems is performed by sprinkler fitters in some jurisdictions.
D-15.01 Installs wet and dry pilot lines
Essential Skills
Document Use, Thinking, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-15.01.01P |
identify pilot line and pilot line detector |
pilot line and pilot line detectors are identified according to temperature requirements for wet and dry pilot lines |
D-15.01.02P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-15.01.03P |
install pilot lines |
pilot lines are installed according to parameters |
D-15.01.04P |
space pilot line and fixed temperature HADs |
pilot line and fixed temperature HADs are spaced according to NFPA standards and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-15.01.05P |
connect pilot lines |
pilot lines are connected to valve trim according to manufacturers’ specifications |
D-15.01.06P |
perform pressure test |
pressure test for pilot lines is performed according to NFPA standards |
Range of Variables
parameters include: proximity to sprinklers on fire protection piping, heat collection and ceiling structure, spacing of pilot line detectors, sizing and installation methods
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-15.01.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install, test and maintain wet and dry pilot lines and their associated pilot line detectors |
define terminology associated with wet and dry pilot lines |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to wet and dry pilot lines |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to wet and dry pilot lines |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to wet and dry pilot lines, found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to wet and dry pilot lines, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of wet and dry pilot lines and their components, and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain wet and dry pilot lines |
D-15.02 Installs heat-actuated devices (HADs) (NOT COMMON CORE)
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
NV |
yes |
no |
yes |
no |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-15.02.01P |
determine location of HADs |
location of HADs is determined according to manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
D-15.02.02P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-15.02.03P |
mount releasing panel |
releasing panel is mounted in proximity to releasing devices to facilitate actuation of system |
D-15.02.04P |
install piping, tubing and wire |
piping, tubing and wire are installed in area being protected according to manufacturers’ specifications, AHJ and NFPA standards |
D-15.02.05P |
attach linear heat detection wire |
linear heat detection wire is attached according to manufacturers’ specifications |
D-15.02.06P |
test HADs |
HADs are tested according to manufacturers’ specifications |
Range of Variables
HADs include: fixed temperature, rate of rise detectors, linear heat detectors
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-15.02.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install, test and maintain HADs and their associated components |
define terminology associated with HADs |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to HADs |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to HADs |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to HADs, found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to HADs, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of HADs and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain HADs |
Range of Variables
types of HADs include: fixed temperature, rate of rise detectors, linear heat detector
parameters of HADs include: spacing, temperature, type
D-15.03 Installs spark detection systems (NOT COMMON CORE)
Essential Skills
Numeracy, Document Use, Thinking
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-15.03.01P |
determine location of system |
location of system is determined according to manufacturers’ specifications, site conditions, NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-15.03.02P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-15.03.03P |
fasten spark detector to structure |
spark detector is fastened to structure to ensure detection of sparks and flame, and to prevent movement |
D-15.03.04P |
assemble system components |
system components are assembled according to manufacturers’ specifications, NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-15.03.05P |
install piping |
piping is installed to spark detection system according to manufacturers’ specifications, NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-15.03.06P |
verify operation |
operation is verified and calibrated according to site conditions, manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
Range of Variables
components include: solenoids, nozzles, spark detector sensors
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-15.03.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install, test and maintain spark detection systems and their associated components |
define terminology associated with spark detection systems |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to spark detection systems |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to spark detection systems |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to spark detection systems, found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to spark detection systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of spark detection systems and their components and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain spark detection systems |
Range of Variables
components include: solenoids, nozzles, spark detectors
parameters of spark detection systems include: spacing, location
D-15.04 Installs air sampling systems (NOT COMMON CORE)
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-15.04.01P |
determine location of system |
location of system is determined according to drawings, site conditions and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-15.03.02P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-15.04.03P |
connect components |
components of air sampling system are connected according to manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
D-15.04.04P |
install air sampling pipe |
air sampling pipe is installed to detect particulate concentration in area of application according to manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
D-15.04.05P |
connect and terminate air sampling system |
air sampling system is connected to, and terminated from sampling/activation panel according to manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-15.04.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install, test and maintain air sampling systems and their associated components |
define terminology associated with air sampling systems |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to air sampling systems |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to air sampling systems |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to air sampling systems, found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to air sampling systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of air sampling systems and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain air sampling systems |
Range of Variables
components include: sampling/activation panels, tubing, sampling point
D-15.05 Installs electrical detection systems (NOT COMMON CORE)
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Numeracy
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no |
no |
no |
yes |
NV |
yes |
no |
no |
no |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-15.05.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-15.05.02P |
install smoke and heat detectors |
smoke and heat detectors are installed according to job and site requirements, manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
D-15.05.03P |
verify operation of smoke and heat detectors and ensure connections |
operation of smoke and heat detectors are verified according to manufacturers’ specifications, codes and standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
codes and standards include: Canadian Standards for Fire Alarm Systems (CAN/ULC), NFPA standards
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-15.05.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures used to install, test and maintain electrical detection systems and their associated components |
define terminology associated with electrical detection systems |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to electrical detection systems |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to electrical detection systems |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to electrical detection systems, found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to electrical detection systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of electrical detection systems and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain electrical detection systems |
Range of Variables
components include: smoke detectors, heat detectors, releasing panels
codes and standards include: CAN/ULC, NFPA standards
types of electrical detection systems include: single zone, cross zone, addressable, conventional
Task D-16 Installs signal-initiating devices
Task Descriptor
Alarm–initiating devices provide electrical signals to the local alarms which warn of the activation of the fire protection system. Supervisory initiating devices provide notification of trouble or impairment of the fire protection system.
D-16.01 Installs alarm-initiating devices
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Working with Others
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-16.01.01P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-16.01.02P |
install device |
device is installed according to pipe size, system type and location to allow for replacement and repair according to site conditions, manufacturers’ specifications and AHJ |
D-16.01.03P |
determine location of alarm-initiating devices |
location of alarm-initiating devices is determined according to drawings and NFPA standards and manufacturers’ specifications |
D-16.01.04P |
attach devices to piping |
devices are attached to piping by methods according to manufacturers’ specifications |
D-16.01.05P |
install a means of testing |
a means of testing is installed according to manufacturers’ specifications, NFPA standards and AHJ |
D-16.01.06P |
verify operation of devices |
devices are field tested and adjusted according to manufacturers’ specifications, NFPA standards and AHJ |
Range of Variables
methods include: using threaded connections, using clamps
testing includes: a test and drain valve or an alarm test valve, inspectors’ test connection
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-16.01.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of the procedures and requirements to install, test and maintain alarm-initiating devices |
define terminology associated with alarm-initiating devices |
|
|
identify types of alarm-initiating devices and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to alarm-initiating devices |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to alarm-initiating devices |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to alarm-initiating devices found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to alarm-initiating devices and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain alarm-initiating devices |
|
|
identify installation locations for alarm-initiating devices |
|
|
describe operation and applications of alarm-initiating devices |
Range of Variables
types of alarm-initiating devices include: paddle–type flow switches, pressure switches
D-16.02 Installs supervisory-initiating devices
Essential Skills
Thinking, Document Use, Working with Others
NL |
NS |
PE |
NB |
QC |
ON |
MB |
SK |
AB |
BC |
NT |
YT |
NU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
NV |
NV |
NV |
|
Skills |
|
---|---|---|
|
Performance Criteria |
Evidence of Attainment |
D-16.02.01P |
select supervisory–initiating device |
supervisory-initiating device is selected according to components being supervised, system type and location |
D-16.02.02P |
determine location of supervisory–initiating devices |
location of supervisory-initiating devices is determined according to site conditions, manufacturers’ specifications and drawings |
D-16.02.03P |
select and use tools and equipment |
tools and equipment are selected and used according to scope of work |
D-16.02.04P |
attach supervisory–initiating devices |
supervisory–initiating devices are attached to piping and components according to manufacturers’ specifications, site conditions and AHJ |
D-16.02.05P |
verify operation of supervisory–initiating devices |
supervisory-initiating devices are field tested and adjusted according to manufacturers’ specifications, NFPA standards, site conditions and AHJ |
Range of Variables
supervisory-initiating devices include: low air pressure, low water pressure, tamper (switches)
|
Knowledge |
|
---|---|---|
|
Learning Outcomes |
Learning Objectives |
D-16.02.01L |
demonstrate knowledge of procedures and requirements to install, test and maintain supervisory–initiating devices |
define terminology associated with supervisory–initiating devices |
|
|
identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to supervisory–initiating devices |
|
|
interpret codes, standards and regulations pertaining to supervisory–initiating devices |
|
|
interpret information pertaining to supervisory–initiating devices, found on drawings and specifications |
|
|
identify tools and equipment relating to supervisory–initiating devices, and describe their applications and procedures for use |
|
|
identify types of supervisory–initiating devices and describe their characteristics, parameters and applications |
|
|
describe the procedures used to install, test and maintain supervisory-initiating devices |
|
|
describe the operation and applications of supervisory–initiating devices |
Range of Variables
types of supervisory–initiating devices include: low air pressure, low water pressure, tamper (switches)
- Date modified: